異硫氰酸烯丙酯(AITC)在人類攝護腺癌細胞中藉由表達Beclin-1誘發
保護性細胞自嗜作用
陳宏恩1#、林致凡2#、蔡德甫1,4、楊尚哲2、林宜佳1,4、仇光宇1,4、黃一勝1,3,4
1新光醫院 泌尿科,2新光醫院 中央研究室,3台北醫學大學 醫學院,4輔仁大學 醫學院
Allyl isothiocyanate induces protective autophagy through up-regulation of Beclin-1 in human prostate cancer cells but not in normal cells
Hung-En Chen1#, Ji-Fan Lin2#, Te-Fu Tsai 1,4, Yi-Chia Lin1,4, Kuang-Yu Chou1,4,
and Thomas I-Sheng Hwang1,3,4
1Department of Urology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, 2Central Laboratory, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, 3School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University
4 School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan.
# These authors contributed equally to this work.
Purpose: Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is one of the most widely studies members of the ITC family which are enriched in cruciferous vegetables. It has recently be demonstrate to inhibit survival of human prostate cancer cells while has minimal effects on a normal prostate epithelial cell line. In our previous studies, we showed that AITC induces reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated apoptosis and protective autophagy. Here, we investigate the underlying mechanism of AITC induced autophagy in human prostate cancer cells.
Materials and Methods: Total protein from androgen-sensitive (Rv1) and -refractory (PC3) human prostate cancer cells treated with AITC for 24 hours were extracted and subjected to the detection of the activation status of mTOR, AMPK, ERK, JNK and p-38 (MAPK) that are reported to be related to autophagy induction. Protein level of beclin-1 and Bcl-2 was also detected to determine the involvement of autophagy/apoptosis switch. The small chemical drugs, PD184352, Dorsomorphin, and SP600125 were used to specific inhibit AITC-activated ERK, AMPK and JNK, respectively. Inhibition of AITC-induced ROS generation was performed by pretreatment of N-acetylcysteine (NAC).
Results: ERK activation was observed only in Rv1 cells, while AMPK, and JNK activation was observed in both Rv1 and PC3 cells upon AITC treatment. However, pre-treatment of chemical inhibitors specific for either ERK, AMPK, or JNK did not attenuated AITC-induced autophagy that judged from the increased LC3-II processing. Therefore, AITC induced autophagy was independent to these cell signaling pathways. We next detected the expression of beclin-1/Bcl-2 that had been prove to be an important switch in cell fate determination regarding to autophagy and apoptosis. We discovered a significantly increased level of beclin-1/Bcl-2 in AITC-treated prostate cancer cells. Pre-treatment of NAC decreased the expression level of beclin-1 in AITC-treated cells, this indicates that beclin-1 which is a downstream target of ROS was responsible for the autophagy induction in AITC-treated prostate cancer cells.
Conclusion: We for the first time provide evidences that AITC induces ROS-mediated protective autophagy was through the up-regulation of beclin-1 expression regardless of androgen sensitivity in human prostate cancer cells. We also found that ERK, AMPK and JNK activation that is independent for autophagy induction in cells upon AITC treatment. The signaling pathways which lead to up-regulation of beclin-1 in AITC-treated cells remains further investigation.
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    2015-05-27 01:11:00
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